A Critical Essay on John Dryden’s An Essay of
Dramatic Poesy
Introduction
John Dryden’s An
Essay of Dramatic Poesy (1668) is a seminal work in the history of
literary criticism, offering a nuanced exploration of dramatic theory through
the lens of a dialogue among four characters. Written during the Restoration
period, it reflects the vibrant intellectual debates of its time, as well as
Dryden’s own reflections on the nature and function of drama. This essay
critically examines Dryden’s Essay, focusing on its dialogic
structure, treatment of key critical debates, and its legacy in the history of
literary criticism.
The Dialogic Structure: A Platform for
Debate
Dryden’s choice of a
dialogue form is both innovative and effective, allowing him to present
multiple perspectives on dramatic theory. The dialogue is staged among four
characters - Crites, Eugenius, Lisideius, and Neander - each
representing different critical viewpoints. Crites defends the classical
drama of the ancients, Eugenius champions modern drama, Lisideius
praises French drama, and Neander (often seen as Dryden’s own voice)
advocates for the strengths of English drama.
This dialogic
structure reflects Dryden’s awareness of the complexity of dramatic criticism.
Rather than presenting a monolithic argument, he uses the characters to explore
competing ideas, highlighting the merits and limitations of each perspective.
This approach mirrors the intellectual vibrancy of the Restoration era, a time
when England was reassessing its cultural and artistic identity.
However, some
critics argue that the dialogic form dilutes Dryden’s own position, as he
refrains from fully endorsing any one viewpoint. While this ambiguity can be
seen as a strength, fostering open-ended discussion, it may also frustrate
readers seeking a clear critical stance.
Classical vs. Modern Drama: A Central Debate
A key theme in An
Essay of Dramatic Poesy is the tension between classical and modern
drama. Crites defends the ancients, emphasizing their adherence to the
unities of time, place, and action as laid out by Aristotle. He argues that
these unities create coherence and focus, qualities often lacking in modern
plays.
Eugenius counters this argument, asserting that modern
dramatists have improved upon classical models by incorporating greater
variety, realism, and emotional depth. He critiques the rigidity of the
classical unities, suggesting that they often stifle creativity and fail to
reflect the complexity of human experience.
Neander, Dryden’s mouthpiece, mediates between these positions.
While he acknowledges the achievements of the ancients, he also defends the
richness and vitality of English drama, particularly the works of Shakespeare
and Ben Jonson. He argues that English playwrights’ departure from
the unities allows for greater dramatic freedom and a more profound engagement
with the human condition.
This balanced
treatment of the classical-modern debate showcases Dryden’s ability to
appreciate tradition while advocating for innovation. His nuanced position
anticipates later critical movements that emphasize the dynamic interplay
between past and present.
The French and English Drama: A Comparative
Analysis
Another major focus
of An Essay of Dramatic Poesy is the comparison between French
and English drama. Lisideius praises the French theater,
particularly the works of Pierre Corneille, for their elegance, refinement, and
strict adherence to the unities. He contrasts this with the perceived excesses
and irregularities of English drama.
Neander defends English drama, celebrating its diversity,
emotional power, and complex characterizations. He lauds Shakespeare as a poet
of unparalleled genius, capable of capturing the full range of human
experience. While he acknowledges the French emphasis on order and decorum, he
criticizes their plays for lacking the vigor and depth of English works.
Dryden’s comparison
highlights broader cultural tensions between England and France during
the Restoration period. His defense of English drama can be seen as a
patriotic assertion of England’s artistic identity, positioning it as equal to,
if not superior to, its continental counterpart.
Dryden’s Critical Vision: Balancing Rules
and Genius
Throughout the Essay,
Dryden advocates for a balanced approach to dramatic criticism, one that
respects established rules while allowing room for individual genius. He argues
that the unities, while useful, should not be rigidly imposed, as great drama
often transcends formal constraints. Similarly, he praises Shakespeare’s
ability to achieve sublimity despite violating many classical conventions.
This flexible
approach reflects Dryden’s broader critical philosophy, which emphasizes the
importance of both art and nature in literary creation. For Dryden, the best
drama arises from a harmonious interplay between disciplined craftsmanship and
creative inspiration.
Legacy and Relevance
An Essay of
Dramatic Poesy is a foundational
text in English literary criticism, marking a shift from prescriptive rules to
a more flexible, comparative approach. Dryden’s emphasis on dialogue, balance,
and cultural exchange resonates with modern critical practices, which value
pluralism and the interplay of diverse perspectives.
However, some
critics have noted the limitations of Dryden’s Essay. His analysis,
while sophisticated, remains rooted in the cultural and aesthetic priorities of
the Restoration era. Moreover, his dialogic structure, while innovative, can
obscure his own critical convictions, leaving readers to infer his position
rather than encounter it directly.
Conclusion
John Dryden’s An
Essay of Dramatic Poesy remains a landmark in the history of literary
criticism, offering a rich exploration of dramatic theory through its engaging
dialogue and nuanced arguments. By addressing key debates—such as the tension
between classical and modern drama, and the merits of French versus English
theatre—Dryden captures the intellectual energy of his time while laying the
groundwork for future critical discourse. His balanced and flexible approach,
which values both tradition and innovation, continues to inspire readers and
critics, affirming the enduring relevance of his work in the study of
literature.
